a group of critics believe that “stray dog” is among the stories of hedāyat which is written under the influence of sartre’s existentialism. this story, following an existentialist outlook, depicts human pain and helplessness. “pat”, the stray dog, is a symbol of nostalgia which ruins our life. this paper tries to trace out the representation of the existentialism and sartre’s interpretation of...

the risk of suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts, especially when aggravated, pain persists despite repeated visits and various medical treatments, and the patient learns that the pain is different from other pains. finally, there are only two solutions: first, surrendering to the pain and learned helplessness, and second, ending the life with no pleasure and painful. the significance of suic...

BACKGROUND Uncontrollable aversive events are associated with feelings of helplessness and cortisol elevation and are suitable as a model of depression. The high comorbidity of depression and pain symptoms and the importance of controllability in both conditions are clinically well-known but empirical studies are scarce. The study investigated the relationship of pain experience, helplessness, ...

The Metamorphosis is one of the greatest novels written by Franz Kafka in 1915, which depicts surreal and absurd transformation Gregor Samsa into a beetle. Existentialism borrowed to help interpret implications Gregor's transformation. After transformation, lives hatred, dread, absurdity, hopelessness, helplessness despair. He isolated, estranged, alienated his family society. Centering on this...

Introduction Pain catastrophizing (PC), the increased attention to harmful aspects of pain (magnification), and the belief of low controllability (helplessness) has been shown to be important in the maintenance of pain. A growing research on structural alterations in chronic pain revealed an association between PC and brain areas that are involved in affective and cognitive pain processing. How...