This quasi-experimental study investigated the effect of bottom-up and top-down instructional approaches on English as a foreign language (EFL) vocabulary recall and retention. To this end, 44 high school students from two intact classes were assigned to bottom-up (n = 21) and top-down (n = 23) groups. The participants were exposed to 20 hours of explicit vocabulary instruction during 10 weeks ...

− We provide a reformulation of Cocke−Younger−Kasami’s algorithm for recognizing context-free languages in which there are no references either to indices of table entries or to the length of the input string. Some top-down analogues of this functional approach are discussed as well.

At its most fundamental, cognition as displayed by biological agents (such as humans) may be described as being the manipulation and utilisation of memory. A low-level approach to the associative sensory-motor development of cognition is then appropriate, rather than the more common higher-level functional approach. A novel theoretical framework – the memory-based cognitive framework (MBCF) – i...

Photon conversion embodies a range of promising possibilities in pushing the theoretical Shockley–Queisser efficiency model classical solar cells. Luminescent down-conversion, despite its potential, is held back practical applications due to difficulty proper characterization no small part because concurrent luminescent downshifting events. Recent advances have demonstrated opportunity provided...