abstract the structural and functional changes of social and political systems have led to the establishment of different grounds in administrating urban affairs. the formation and role attribution to different actors of urban ground, including government, people, civil and legislation institutions, etc, have caused the development of counter and bilateral duties and tasks between the citizens ...

The ESRC " One Europe or Several? " Programme publishes Working Papers to make research results, accounts of work in progress and background information available to those concerned with contemporary European issues. The Programme also publishes Policy Papers (ISSN 1468-4152) listed at the end of this publication. The Programme does not express opinions of its own; the views expressed in this p...

following a neighborhood-oriented approach, tehran municipality provided citizenship education with the purpose of empowering women. in spite of the large coverage of the project and its high costs, comprehensive studies haven’t been conducted in this area yet. thus, the present study primarily tries to examine the relationship between provided education and the level of empowerment. the resear...

Are states constrained by international law? Recent studies suggest that the legal regime of the World Trade Organization (WTO), in particular, has no independent effect on members’ trade policies. We argue, in contrast, that the WTO’s “rule of law” is likely to deter protectionist practices against other members, including those lacking the ability to retaliate. The WTO accomplishes this by cl...