Forest type maps play a significant role in sustainable forest management. For many years aerial photos and satellite data were a primary data source supporting forest type mapping. Recent developments in remote sensing provide opportunities to further enhance forest type maps by introducing variations of spectral, biochemical and biophysical properties at various scales. A structural sampling ...

in this study species richness of earthworms in the central elburz mountains is reported for the first time based on samples collected from 33 localities along the haraz and chalus rivers. twelve species were identified representing seven genera from family lumbricidae (rafinesque-schmaltz 1815): aporrectodea caliginosa (savigny 1826), a. rosea (savigny 1826), a. jassyensis (michaelsen 1891), d...

A deep low in sea-level pressure is present from May to September over Pakistan and northwestern India (hereafter, the Pak–India low). It is often referred as the ‘‘heat’’ low to convey the significance of surface thermal effects reckoned to be important for its origin. The present analysis, rooted in observations and diagnostic modeling, suggests that the Pak–India low is influenced both by re...

Abstract Integrated geophysical mapping benefits from visualizing multi-source datasets including gravity and satellite altimetry data using 2D 3D techniques. Applying scripting cartographic approach by R language GMT supported traditional in QGIS is presented this paper with a case study of Iranian geomorphology special focus on Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt, unique landform the country affected...

iran has mountainous landscapes and half of its surface is occupied by highlands. moreover, iran is an arid country and deserts are located at lower altitudes. most metropolitan areas are positioned in mid-altitudes between mountain and desert. cities grow upwardly toward the highlands under pressures of urbanization and desertification. foothill ecotones are a zone between upland mountains and...