Persian painting has been influenced by European art since the Safavid era, resulting in a painting style that became known as Farangi-sazi. Although some of the engravings used in the Farangi-Sazi have been identified in recent years, it seems that research has neglected visual distortion caused due to transferring images and printmaking process up to now. Most sources and studies on Farangi-S...

From the middle of the Safavid era, with the expansion of relations with the West, European landscapes were used in various ways in the composition of paintings called “FARANGI-SAZI”. In this article, by adopting a hermeneutic approach, the epistemological context necessary for the emergence of “landscape painting” as an independent genre in European painting has been studied and then the trans...

The Persian Garden has had various functions during its history and has been host to numerous events. Henceforth, in addition to the main building of the garden, it is essential to examine other structures in it as well. The Nazar Garden of Shiraz, dating from at least the Zand period, has always been the key garden in the Zandieh complex, which has gone through many functional modifications th...

Sabzevar city has a dry and cold climate and hot summers. Not a long time ago, in this city, the agricultural and drinkable water was gained from aqueducts. Aqueduct is one of the oldest and the most economic ways of the extraction of ground water in Iran. Within the city limits, there are 12 aqueducts named: Afzal-Abaad, Haaj-Abbas, Fath-Abaad, Haaj-Molla, Jafar-Abaad, Neqabashk, Saaleh-Abaad,...

Dear Editor, Iranian territory has long been a bridge between Eastern and Western parts of the world. Vast oceans located in the southern Iranian Plateau and the northern-southern stretch of the Caspian Sea as well as impracticability of freezing steppes on the north side of this lake have virtually presented Iran as the sole connecting way between the Indian subcontinent, China Plain, Levant,...