The objective of the study was to scrutinise determinants heritage language maintenance and second acquisition in immigrant speakers assess their significance weight. Over one hundred cases bilingual with Polish as L1 (heritage language; abroad) L2 (national learners Poland) were investigated order better understand linguistic changes multilingual practices involved process relocating another c...

This study investigated intonation of Japanese sentences spoken by Australian English speakers and the influence of their first language (L1) prosody. The second language (L2) intonation is a complicated product of the L1 transfer at two levels of prosodic hierarchy, at word level and at phrase levels. For each level, the typical error patterns were listed and described in terms of L2 acquisiti...

Rapid automatized naming (RAN) is a strong predictor of reading across languages. However, it remains unclear if the effects RAN in first language (L1) transfer to second (L2) and results vary as function orthographic proximity L1–L2. To fill this gap literature, we examined role accuracy fluency eight languages representing different writing systems. Seven hundred thirty-five university studen...

Bilinguals who have acquired both of their languages simultaneously since birth or learned first language (L1) and second (L2) sequentially, as children adults, are able to produce perceive two different sound systems [...]

How the properties of a first language (Mandarin, Korean) influence the comprehension of sentences in a second language (English) was investigated in a series of self-paced reading time studies. Native Mandarinand Korean-speaking learners of English were compared with native English speakers on how they resolved a temporary ambiguity about the relationship between a verb and the noun following ...

Adults are notoriously poor second-language (L2) learners. A context that enables successful L2 acquisition is language immersion. In this study, we investigated the effects of immersion learning for a group of university students studying abroad in Spain. Our interest was in the effect of immersion on the native language (L1), English. We tested the hypothesis that immersion benefits L2 learni...

We present the case study of MB-a bilingual child with Down syndrome (DS) who speaks Russian (first language [L1]) and English (second language [L2]) and has learned to read in two different alphabets with different symbol systems. We demonstrate that, in terms of oral language, MB is as proficient in Russian as English, with a mild advantage for reading in English, her language of formal instr...