Recently, the performance of planners has been increased significantly. Many of the new methods responsible for the speed-up have used SAT-compilation techniques. These methods convert the planning problem specification into a Boolean CNF formula, which is then solved by a range of fast SAT solvers. However, some of the properties of the planning problems can be more concisely expressed using a...

We describe transition normal form (TNF) for classical planning tasks, where there is a unique goal state and variables occur in an operator precondition iff they appear in the effect. Tasks can be efficiently converted to TNF, all common planning heuristics are invariant under the transformation, and tasks in normal form are easier to study theoretically.

This experimental study examined the effectiveness of using focused and unfocused tasks on Iranian intermediate EFL learners’ performance in producing noun, adjective, and adverb clauses. In addition,the aim of this study was to explore the effects of form-focused instruction and the feedback students received from their teacher after doing focused grammar tasks. Data consisted of the scores of...

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a minimally invasive therapy modality in which ultrasound beams are concentrated at a focal region, producing a rise of temperature and selective ablation within the focal volume and leaving surrounding tissues intact. HIFU has been proposed for the safe ablation of both malignant and benign tissues and as an agent for drug delivery. Magnetic resonanc...