with the french occupation of egypt in 1798 ad, the communication route of britain to india was threatened and a new stage of conflict and competition began between the two countries in eastern mediterranean, ottoman, iran, indian ocean and the persian gulf. although threats temporarily subsided with the french abandoning egypt, but the continuous french expansionism in the east caused them per...

due to the british hegemony of iran in both pre- and post-constitutional revolutionary periods (1906-1911), the iranian legal system was expected to be influenced by british common law following the establishment of the modern government after the revolution. but it did not happen for various legal and non-legal reasons. a major legal reason could be iranians’ long history of acquaintance with ...

Comparative studies have suggested that the British colonization is more beneficial than those of France and other colonizers. It is argued that the British cultures and institutions contributed to stable politics and robust economic development of its colonies. However, evidence is still inconclusive because a controlled experiment is very difficult in social science. Vanuatu – a Pacific islan...

Fishing capacity management policies have been traditionally implemented at national level with national targets for capacity reduction. More recently, capacity management policies have increasingly targeted specific fisheries. French fisheries spatially vary along the French coastline and are associated to specific regions. Capacity management policies, however, ignore the capital mobility ass...

the present article deals with britain’s competitions with russia aimed at controlling its policies in iran; for this purpose, we focus mostly on the developments at the last fifteen years of the 19th century. part of this period is concurrent with the administration of the british conservative party under the premiership of lord robert cecil salisbury in britain and sir henry drummond wolff’s ...

 Relations between the third world countries in different parts of Asia and Africa during the 19th and 20th centuries, to a great extent, were influenced by the presence and policies of colonial powers. Thus, for a better understanding of roots of disputes and issues existing between these countries concerning frontiers, disputed Islands, political and prejudicial tensions, we need to study pas...