We propose a framework with endogenous allocation of land between agricultural production, sustainable forest management, and unsustainable forest exploitation in the form of illegal logging to explore deforestation and agricultural and timber supplies when property rights are insecure. Uncertainty over property rights arises through risk of confiscation on sustainably-managed forest land, and ...

The illegal exploitation of African fisheries by foreign fleets is undermining the continent’s human security, as is the corruption of officials who are responsible for overseeing fisheries sectors. Given these problems, André Standing believes 1) African countries must upgrade their capacity to monitor and prosecute illegal fishing in their waters, and 2) trawling nations must regulate their f...

Illegal shark fishing is thought to occur globally, including within so-called ‘‘shark sanctuaries’’, marine reserves and even inside UNESCO World Heritage sites, such as the Galápagos Islands. Presumably, this is due to poor local enforcement coupled with the growing international demand (and high economic incentives) for shark and other wildlife products. Understanding illegal shark fishing p...

Between 1935 and 1985, Irish law criminalized the sale and importation of condoms. Activists established illegal markets to challenge the law and alleviate its social consequences. They distributed condoms through postal services, shops, stalls, clinics, and machines. Though they largely operated in the open, their activities attracted little direct punishment from the state, and they were able...

The exposure of an organisation’s illegal or unethical practices is often known as whistleblowing. It is currently a highprofile activity as a consequence of whistleblowing websites such as Wikileaks. However, modern digital fingerprinting technologies allow the identification of the human users associated with a particular copy of a leaked digital file. Fear of such discovery may discourage th...