the salient, and often ignored, role that out-of-class learning plays in second/foreign language (l2) learners’ development is overshadowed by classroom research. the main aim of this study is to problematize the role of out-of-class learning in the specific english-as-foreign-language (efl) context of iran by examination of the ways in which four learners attempted to revamp their english lang...

Constuctivism learning theory lays emphasis on the learners' active learning, such as learning initiative, sociality and context. By analyzing the relationship between constructivism learning theory and learner autonomy, this paper explores how to cultivate learners' learner autonomy under the guidance of constructivism learning theory. Keywords—Constructivism learning theory, learner autonomy,...

Roboticists have frequently found that users are notoriously unwilling to pass control to autonomy, even when appropriate. It is important to find ways to promote the use of autonomy when switching out of manual mode is needed. This becomes important when autonomy is inherently better equipped to support the task at hand, especially when autonomy is safer than manual control. This paper propose...

Machines incorporating embedded systems display a trend towards increasing autonomy. In this position paper, we outline an approach for introducing autonomy in embedded system architectures. The approach involves the creation of an artificial consciousness within the machine. We propose that the artificial consciousness may be represented in the form of domain specific reference architectures. ...

abstract this study aimed at investigating the possible impact of gender and proficiency level on the relationship between autonomy and listening comprehension ability among iranian low and high proficiency male and female efl learners. one hundred six english learners, based on the results of oxford placement test (opt), version ii, took part in this study. both female and male learners with t...