Price dynamics are characterized for a price-fixing cartel. Antitrust laws reduce cartel prices even though cartel detection occurs with probability zero. In response to cheating, the non-collusive price gradually moves from the collusive price to the static Nash equilibrium price.  2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

people’s participation in legislation is the highest manifestation of people’s right to sovereignty and determing of destiny of them political and social life.nowadays this kind of participation mainly is applied by legislative branch in the light of indirect democracy and entrusting this right to members of parliament and in according to principle of separation of powers. after all, exceptionl...

Cartel pricing is characterized when firms are concerned about creating suspicions that a cartel has formed. Balancing concerns about maintaining the stability of the cartel with those of avoiding detection, the cartel may either (i) gradually raise price to its steady-state level or (ii) gradually raise price and then have it decline to its steady-state level. Antitrust laws may have a pervers...

Legislating five of the main risk factors for road traffic injuries (RTIs), as much as enforcing the law, is essential in forging an integral culture of road safety. Analysis of the level of progression in law enforcement allows for an evaluation of the state of world regions. A secondary analysis of the 2009 Global status report on road safety: time for action survey was undertaken to evaluate...

In late 2001, during the aftermath of the anthrax letter attacks, model legislation was proposed to relevant state agencies to update their states' public health laws to meet the threat of bioterrorism. This legislation was the Model State Emergency Health Powers Act. A concern underlying this and related efforts to address future bioterrorism threats was the perceived inadequacy of state laws ...