introduction congenital microgastria is an extremely rare anomaly, which is due to failure of gastric development, and causes a tubular stomach with reduced capacity. it is almost always associated with other congenital anomalies. case presentation the patient was a two-month-old boy with microgastria in association with gastroesophageal reflux, tracheomalacia, and limb defect. discussion most ...

Background: VACTERL association is usually a sporadic disorder, the possible etiologies of which have been proposed as familial as well as multiple genetic and environmental factors. VACTERL association usually consists of at least three of the core features of vertebral defects, anal atresia, cardiac defects, tracheoesophageal fistula, renal anomalies, and limb abnormalities. Vertebral anomali...

The birth of a child with a reduction limb defect (RLD) was evaluated in relation to vaginal bleeding, threatened abortion, and other complications of pregnancy, placental weight, birth weight, family history, parental age, and the outcome of previous pregnancies. The material consisted of 453 cases of reduction limb defect and an equal number of non-malformed controls matched for time and plac...

we have produced a spectrum of limb defects in developing mouse embryos by exposing the mother to smoke from cigarettes with different nicotine concentrations, ethanol, and a combination of ethanol and cigarette smoke. the critical time of exposure was determined to be during day 10 of gestation (vaginal plug=day 0). this time is prior to the critical events which occur between the apical ectod...

We have produced a spectrum of limb defects in developing mouse embryos by exposing the mother to smoke from cigarettes with different nicotine concentrations, ethanol, and a combination of ethanol and cigarette smoke. The critical time of exposure was determined to be during day 10 of gestation (vaginal plug=day 0). This time is prior to the critical events which occur between the apical e...

BACKGROUND The vertebral defect, anal atresia, cardiac defect, tracheoesophageal fistula/esophageal atresia, renal defect, and limb defect association and Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome are rare conditions. We aimed to present two cases with the vertebral defect, anal atresia, cardiac defect, tracheoesophageal fistula/esophageal atresia, renal defect, and limb defect association and Ma...

Background: Congenital limb defects (CLDs) are the leading cause of disability across the world.CLDsvary depending on the anatomical location, type, and cause of anomaly. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and patterns of CLDs in the North of Iran. Methods: This descriptive-analytical, hospital-based study was conducted in three hospitals in Gorgan, the capital of Golestan Prov...