The effect of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) on infection of macrophages with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was investigated. By using a polymerase chain reaction-based viral entry assay and viral infectivity assay, it was demonstrated that IL-6 and IFN-gamma augmented susceptibility of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) to infection with T-cell tropic CXCR...

Macrophages display remarkable plasticity, with the ability to undergo dynamic transition between classically and alternatively activated phenotypes. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are more than 200 nucleotides in length and play roles in various biological pathways. However, the role of lncRNAs in regulating macrophage polarization has yet to be explored. In this study, lncRNAs expression prof...

Discourse markers are universal linguistic events subject to language variation. Although an extensive literature has already reported language specific traits of these events (e.g. [6,7,4,3,9]), little has been said on their cross-language behavior and, subsequently, on building an inventory of multilingual lexica of discourse markers. Thus, this work describes new methods and approaches for t...

The literature contains a wealth of theoretical and empirical analyses of discourse marker functions in human communication. Some of these studies address the phenomenon that discourse markers are often multifunctional in a given context, but do not study this in systematic and formal ways. In this paper we show that the use of multiple dimensions in distinguishing and annotating semantic units...

adopting a discourse-pragmatic approach, this study examines the synchronic multifunctionality of the discourse marker hâlâ from the perspective of (inter)subjectification. the findings obtained from the synchronic corpus of colloquial persian indicates that hâlâ has proceeded along the (inter)subjectification cline identified by traugott and dasher (2002), der (2010), and degand and vandenberg...

The aim of this work is to analyse how Spanish readers react to English discourse markers in a text. We carry out an empirical study in which we ask three research question: (a) if there is any relationship between presence of discourse markers or absence of discourse markers and reading comprehension in English as a foreign language, (b) if there is any relationship between the readers’ profic...

Speech-to-speech translation technology has difficulties processing elements of spontaneity in conversation. We propose a discourse marker attribute in speech corpora to help overcome some of these problems. There have already been some attempts to annotate discourse markers in speech corpora. However, as there is no consistency on what expressions count as discourse markers, we have to reconsi...