background: investment in science is vital for the development and well-being of societies. this study aims to assess the scientific productivity of countries by quantifying their publication of systematic reviews taking the gross national income per capita (gnipc) into account. methods: medline and isi web of science were searched for systematic reviews published between 1st january 2006 and 3...

this paper investigates the effect of exchange rate uncertainty on the iran’s import trade. the exchange rate ‎uncertainty series were generated utilizing the tarch model. this model analyzes the asymmetric effects. the analysis of uncertainty and asymmetry ‎of the exchange rate shows significant tarch ‎effect on iran’s exchange rates‎. the findings of the study indicate negative shocks (bad ne...

We examined the relation between infant mortality rates, gross national product, and income distribution. Our findings support the hypothesis that average measures of population health are influenced by the distribution of income within societies.

There is widespread recognition that we need to revise our methods of measuring national income to incorporate better the impact of economic activity on environmental assets. Our aim here is to investigate alternative concepts of national income in a dynamic economy, one a generalization of Hicksian income and the other a generalization of the welfare economics concept of income as the value of...