election and electing publics authorities, statemen, parliament representative and local council,s members by people is un undeniable prerequisites of democracy. a state claiming democracy but lacking institutions as electoral systems and referendum could not be found. nevertheless electoral procedures are not identical everywhere. in some countries the nominee has to obtain the landslide (simp...

We study a two-stage election with two parties, each nominating a candidate in the first stage primary election to compete with the other party’s nominee in the second stage general election. This resembles the U.S. presidential election and is used in many countries in the world, but has largely escaped attention in the literature. We extend Coleman (1971) and Roemer (1997) to model such elect...

Would the outcome of the 2008 election have been different if Hillary Clinton, John Edwards, or a past Democratic nominee (like John Kerry or Al Gore) had been the nominee? In this paper we treat the counterfactual model earnestly and compare 33 different presidential elections, some real and some hypothetical, in order to understand how candidate traits and election-level characteristics affec...

Dear Editor in chief Each year, Iranian university authorities, as a good tradition on Teacher’s Day, choose and introduce their top educators to their academic community. Undoubtedly, this effort is a good action, generally leading to effective promotion of the educational system. However, the criteria for these selections are always a matter of big debate. In overview, an academic excellent...

This article provides an analysis of the Republican Party nomination for the presidential election of 2008 and discusses the result of the general election. It examines the campaigns of Mike Huckabee, Mitt Romney, Ron Paul, and John McCain as they battled their way through the Iowa caucuses and the New Hampshire, South Carolina, and Florida primaries. Candidates’ views on the issues, their fina...

This paper describes a Naive-Bayesian predictive model for 2016 U.S. Presidential Election based on Twitter data. We use 33,708 tweets gathered since December 16, 2015 until February 29, 2016. We introduce a simpler data preprocessing method to label the data and train the model. The model achieves 95.8% accuracy on 10-fold cross validation and predicts Ted Cruz and Bernie Sanders as Republican...

background: the use of alternative disinfectants and the control of natural organic material are two approaches that are typically applied in water treatment utilities to reduce the formation of chlorinated disinfection by-products in recent years. catalytic ozonation as a new technology is used to promote the efficiency of the single ozonation processes. the purpose of this study was to invest...