A plethora of hormones regulate many of the body’s functions, including growth and development, metabolism, electrolyte balances, and reproduction. Numerous glands throughout the body produce hormones. The hypothalamus produces several releasing and inhibiting hormones that act on the pituitary gland, stimulating the release of pituitary hormones. Of the pituitary hormones, several act on other...

Calcium homeostasis in the extracellular fluid is tightly controlled and defended physiologically. Hypercalcemia always represents considerable underlying pathology and occurs when the hormonal control of calcium homeostasis is overwhelmed. The major hormones that are responsible for normal calcium homeostasis are parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; these hormones control extracell...

hypothalamic-hypophyseal complex, the gonads, pancreatic islet cells, adrenal glands, thyroid glands, parathyroid glands, ultimobranchial glands and the endocrine cells of the gut. All these organs release hormones into the bloodstream, which act on target tissues by interacting with receptors on the surface of the cell (peptide hormones) or within the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell (steroid ...

The principal hormones involved in calcium metabolism and bone remodeling are parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D (D3). Other hormones, such as the thyroid hormones, growth hormone, androgens, estrogens, and the glucocorticoids also influence mineral homeostasis and bone metabolism. The three primary target tissues for these hormones are bone, kidney, and intestine. These three...

Bone cells were isolated from embryonic rat calvaria by a modtied method designed to give larger yields and undamaged membranes. Essentially it consists of perfusing bone chips with fresh collagenase, collecting the cells continuously in the efiluent, and washing off the collagenase. Cyclic adenosine 3’:5’-monophosphate (CAMP) accumulation in the freshly isolated cells was measured by equilibra...

Bone cells were isolated from embryonic rat calvaria by a modtied method designed to give larger yields and undamaged membranes. Essentially it consists of perfusing bone chips with fresh collagenase, collecting the cells continuously in the efiluent, and washing off the collagenase. Cyclic adenosine 3’:5’-monophosphate (CAMP) accumulation in the freshly isolated cells was measured by equilibra...

CKD leads to disturbances in multiple interrelated hormones that regulate bone and mineral metabolism. The renal handling of mineral metabolism hormones in humans is incompletely understood. We determined the single-pass renal clearance of parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23, vitamin D metabolites, and phosphate from paired blood samples collected from the abdominal aorta and renal...

The uptake of selenium-75-selenomethionine by the thyroid, parathyroid glands, and neck muscles has been estimated in rats using autoradiography ( 1). Selective labeling of the parathyroid glands was demonstrated in animals pretreated with thyroxine and low calcium diet. These qualitative observations led to the recommendation that triiodothyronine be administered to patients prior to parathyro...

We reported a case of sporadic multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, with multiple insulinoma, parathyroid adenoma, and pituitary tumor. Measurement of hormone contents and immunohistochemical studies of the pancreatic tumors showed that the tumors contained insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. Furthermore, the concentrations of these hormones were different in each tumor...