intellectuality and politics have a very close and historical linkage with each other. this article beside the redefinition of intellectuality concept, want to study relationship between these two concept through the six periods of west civilization history: 1) greek-roman period until 5th century, 2) first period of christianity from 5th to 11th centuries, 3) second period of christianity from...

1.1 Definition of period The period as defined from political changes runs from c.450 to 1066. The earlier 5th century should ideally be dealt with together with the Roman period but is considered here because the only significant evidence presently available is from comparison of the pattern revealed in the early Saxon period with that found in the Roman period. Even more importantly, there is...

The roots of modern medicine can be traced back to the 5th century BC when Hippocratic rational medicine originated on the Greek islands of Cos and Cnidos. In this study we examine the way in which practitioners conducted their profession in Graeco-Roman times, as well as their training. Medical training was by way of apprenticeship with recognized doctors, but no qualifying examinations existe...

The article presents the history of iron ore mining and production in present-day Poland takes into account techniques influence on development surrounding areas. Examples are presented for most important centers established since period so-called Roman influences—Lower Silesia region Tarchalice Świętokrzyskie area Góry (Świętokrzyskie Mountains). oldest traces underground date back to 7th–5th ...

OBJECTIVES According to paleopathological records, tumors have a great antiquity. The prevalence of cancer in ancient populations might have differed from that in modern humans because of substantial differences in environmental factors, life expectancy and the availability of treatment. This study presents 3 cases of probable skeletal metastatic carcinoma from the Roman period (1st-5th century...

During systematic research in Ludbreg (Roman Iovia-Botivo) 2011, a 5th century grave built of tegulae was discovered within the Roman stratum. The deceased has trepanation on his skull and accompanied by single object, silver ring buckle. newfound undergone radiocarbon radiological analysis. discovery this prompted revision previous graves Migration Period found Ludbreg, research, as well accid...

Tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy are infections caused by Mycobacteria. This paper documents new skeletal evidence in Italy from the Iron Age site of Corvaro (Central Italy; 5th century BCE) and the Roman site of Palombara (Central Italy; 4th-5th century CE), and briefly reviews the extant evidence for these infections in Italy. The skeletal evidence for TB in Italy is more ancient than for lepros...

This article focuses on cesarean section carried out after the mother's death to rescue the living infant and on embryotomy, a medical procedure to save the mother described as early as the Hippocratic writings (5th to 4th century B.C.) and practiced until the times of Paul of Aegina (7th century A.D). The available sources do not mention cesarean section on a living mother to save the infant. ...