The Fetal Origins Hypothesis (FOH), put forward in the epidemiological literature and later flourished in the economics literature, suggests that the time in utero is a critical period for human development. However, much attention has been paid to the consequences of fetal exposures to more extreme natural shocks, while less is known about fetal exposures to milder but more commonly experience...

rural households in nigeria are vulnerable to shock because of their limited capacity to make informed decision on secured coping strategies which is further aggravated by some households’ specific socio-economic characteristics. attempts were made to identify shocks being faced by households’ heads and coping strategies. multistage sampling technique was used to select 80 respondents and well ...

Many explanations of the stylized facts concerning real exchange rate movements focus on monetary shocks, but it is often found empirically that monetary shocks are unimportant. I provide evidence that is contrary to this empirical finding. Using over 100 years of data, I estimate the contribution of various shocks to explaining variation in the real pound-dollar exchange rate. Monetary shocks ...

Using the threshold structural VAR model, this paper examines the multiheterogeneity impacts of international oil price shocks on Chinese stock market in the background of financialization. The research finds: (1) the effects of oil price shocks on stock returns are different across sectors and the responses of stock returns are larger in bear markets. The nonlinear effects of oil supply shocks...

This chapter will present an empirical analysis of the type and source of real shocks to the Mexican economy. In particular, it will evaluate the following questions. How important are shocks that originate as exchange rate changes due to swings in market sentiment independent of the economic fundamentals? That is, how important is “excess volatility”? How important are shocks that originate as...