ultraviolet waves, because of their short wavelength, have a high energy and considerable damaging effects on surfaces. protection against ultraviolet radiations is one of the finishing treatments done on surfaces exposed to sunlight. the importance of this issue in relation to human health, due to complications such as skin burns and cancer, is doubled. up to now, different materials such as z...

vendor managed inventory is a continuous replenishment program that is designed to provide major cost saving benefits for both vendors and retailers. previous research on this area mainly included single objective optimization models where the objective is to minimize the total supply chain costs or to maximize the total supply chain benefits. this paper presents a bi-objective mathematical mod...

background: several reservoir systems have been constructed for hydropower generation around the world. hydropower offers an economical source of electricity with reduce carbon emissions. therefore, it is such a clean and renewable source of energy. reservoirs that generate hydropower are typically operated with the goal of maximizing energy revenue. yet, reservoir systems are inefficiently ope...

estimation of parameters of a hydrologic model is undertaken using a procedure called “calibration” in order to obtain predictions as close as possible to observed values. this study aimed to use the particle swarm optimization (pso) algorithm for automatic calibration of the hec-hms hydrologic model, which includes a library of different event-based models for simulating the rainfall-runoff pr...

an important determinant of health system performance is contracting. providers often respond to financial incentives, despite the ethical underpinnings of medicine, and payers can craft contracts to influence performance. yet contracting is highly imperfect in both single-payer and multi-payer health systems. arguably, in a competitive, multi-payer environment, contractual innovation may occur...