De Vrijer has presented a proof of the finite developments theorem which, in addition to showing that all developments are finite, gives an effective reduction strategy computing longest developments as well as a simple formula computing their length. We show that by applying a rather simple and intuitive principle of duality to de Vrijer’s approach one arrives at a proof that some developments...

3 Adapting the Covariance Matrix 10 3.1 Estimating the Covariance Matrix From Scratch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.2 Rank-μ-Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.3 Rank-One-Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.3.1 A Different Viewpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.3.2 Cumulation: Uti...

In recent years, language-learning research has been more concerned with factors that may affect the choice of learning strategies among learners. In studies conducted by Cohen (1990), Ehrman and Oxford (1995), MacIntyre and Gardner (1989) and Reid (1987), these factors have been identified as motivation, gender, learning style, previous experience, and personality type. This study attempts to ...

This study attempted to investigate the relationship among learning strategy, autonomy and language proficiency of Chinese university EFL students. To achieve this objective, purposive sampling and cluster sampling methods were used to select 422 non-English major students as participants in three universities, Henan province, China. Oxford’s (1990) Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SIL...

Fitts' (1954) classic theorem asserts that the movement time (MT) of voluntary reaches is determined by amplitude and width requirements (i.e., index of difficulty: ID). Actions associated with equivalent IDs should elicit equivalent MTs regardless of the amplitude and/ or width requirements. However, contemporary research has reported that amplitude-based contributions to IDs yield larger incr...

Predation is a fundamental interaction between species, yet it is unclear what escape strategies are effective for prey survival. Classical theory proposes that prey should either escape in a direction that conforms to a performance optimum or that is random and therefore unpredictable. Here, we show that larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) instead use a mixed strategy that may be either random or d...

Despite great advances in the analysis of time-varying images, implementing or searching for correct and robust algorithms is still challenging and elusive. This paper examines some of the reasons why the motion solution to a problem is sensitive to small changes in the image data. We will discuss whether these sources of difficulty are inherent, predictable, or avoidable. We will also present ...