Th9 cells protect hosts against helminthic infection but also mediate allergic disease. Here we show that nitric oxide (NO) promotes Th9 cell polarization of murine and human CD4(+) T cells. NO de-represses the tumour suppressor gene p53 via nitrosylation of Mdm2. NO also increases p53-mediated IL-2 production, STAT5 phosphorylation and IRF4 expression, all essential for Th9 polarization. NO al...

Background and aims: Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites .The Th9 subset develops in response to combined signals from TGF-b and IL-4 among a cacophony of other cytokines in an extracellular milieu. T helper 9 (Th9) cells,  as a novel CD4 T cell subset, seem to play a complex role in the outcome of specific immune responses. In thi...

IL-9-producing Th9 cells have been associated with autoimmune diseases, such as experimental autoimmune encephalitis. However, the factors that negatively regulate Th9 cells during autoimmune inflammation are unclear. In this article, we show that IFN-γ inhibits Th9 differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. This suppressive activity was dependent on the transcription factor STAT-1. In addition...

The cytokine micro-environment can direct murine CD4(+) T cells towards various differentiation lineages such as Th1, Th2 and Tregs even in the presence of rapamycin, which results in T cells that mediate increased in vivo effects. Recently, a new lineage of T cells known as Th9 cells that secrete increased IL-9 have been described. However, it is not known whether Th9 differentiation occurs in...

Newly discovered IL-9-producing CD4(+) helper T cells (Th9 cells) have been reported to contribute to tissue inflammation and immune responses, however, differentiation and immune regulation of Th9 cells in tuberculosis remain unknown. In the present study, our data showed that increased Th9 cells with the phenotype of effector memory cells were found to be in tuberculous pleural effusion as co...

Recently reported lines of Th9 cells, producing IL-9 and IL-10, were generated by polarization with IL-4 and TGF-β and activation with Abs against CD3 and CD28. In this paper, we analyzed features of Th9 lines similarly polarized but activated by the "natural mode" (i.e., exposure of CD4 cells to their target Ag, hen egg lysozyme [HEL] and APCs). Main observations are the following: 1) both IL-...

BACKGROUND Th9 cells are a subset of CD4+ T cells that express the protoypical cytokine, IL-9. Th9 cells are known to effect protective immunity in animal models of intestinal helminth infections. However, the role of Th9 cells in human intestinal helminth infections has never been examined. METHODOLOGY To examine the role of Th9 cells in Strongyloidis stercoralis (Ss), a common intestinal he...

T helper 9 (Th9) cells are specialized for the production of IL-9, promote allergic inflammation in mice, and are associated with allergic disease in humans. It has not been determined whether Th9 cells express a characteristic transcriptional signature. In this study, we performed microarray analysis to identify genes enriched in Th9 cells compared with other Th subsets. This analysis defined ...

BACKGROUND Reduced responsiveness to corticosteroid therapy is a major problem for patients with severe asthma. Although Th9 cells, along with Th2 cells, facilitate antigen-induced airway eosinophilia and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), the sensitivity of Th9 cell-mediated responses to steroid therapy remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of dexamethasone (Dex) on anti...

The T helper 9 (Th9) cell transcriptional network is formed by an equilibrium of signals induced by cytokines and antigen presentation. Here we show that, within this network, two interferon regulatory factors (IRF), IRF1 and IRF4, display opposing effects on Th9 differentiation. IRF4 dose-dependently promotes, whereas IRF1 inhibits, IL-9 production. Likewise, IRF1 inhibits IL-9 production by h...