Periodic vegetation patterns (PVPs) are striking features of many global drylands. Although they have attracted wide research study, resulting in many hypotheses, their origin and controlling factors remain unresolved. Theoretical works dominate a large literature seeking to account for the occurrence and properties of PVPs, especially banded vegetation patterns (‘tiger bush’). In light of...

Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) offers decision makers a structured, rational approach with which to improve the return on resources expended. But decades after its widespread promotion to the medical community, policy makers in the United States remain reluctant to use the approach formally. Indeed, the resistance to economic evidence in the United States in an era of evidence-based medicine...

Modern clinical practice relies on evidence-based medicine (EBM) and evidence-based guidelines (EBGs). The critical evaluation of EBGs value is therefore an essential step to further improve clinical practice. In our opinion, correlating levels of evidence and grades of recommendation can be an easy tool to quickly display internal consistence of EBGs.

Background Despite decades of evidence gathering and calls for action, few countries have systematically attenuated health inequities (HI) through action on the social determinants of health (SDH). This is at least partly because doing so presents a significant political and policy challenge. This paper explores this challenge through a review of the empirical literature, asking: what factors h...

extractthere are some hypothesis that the children do not feel pain. these assumptions are based on circumstantial and theoretical evidence. this theory believes that children, especially infants are not able to understand the pain because their nervous system is immature. however, these assumptions are acceptable for all of people except about children. there is evidence that children continuo...

conclusions along with adaptation and development process of cpgs, their utilization should also be planned; otherwise spent time and money would be in vain. certainly, imposing above-mentioned interventions with the ultimate goal of sustainable behavior change in health system service providers is beyond the capacity of specific groups or few academic centers. it requires the participation of ...

The green innovation strategy has gradually become the key for enterprises as microeconomic entities to gain competitive advantages and adapt complex changes in external environment. Using data of A-share listed companies Shanghai Shenzhen from 2010 2020, this paper empirically explores impact specific mechanism ownership structure multiple major shareholders on enterprises. results show that, ...

A major challenge in the evidence-based design (EBD) practice model has been in determining the degree of credibility of specific (or a body of) evidence. This challenge has remained one of the key impediments to the broader adoption of EBD. Borrowing from evidence-based medicine and evidence-based practice literatures, this paper proposes a framework for evaluating evidence in EBD. Key to the ...

BACKGROUND Two of the key steps in evidence based medicine (EBM) are being able to construct a clinical question and effectively search the literature to source relevant information. No evidence currently exists that informs whether such skills should be taught to medical students during their pre-clinical years, or delivered to include both the pre-clinical and clinical years of study. This is...