The paper examined the relationship between openness and agricultural performance using data covering the period 1995 to 2009. Representing openness as foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade openness, the results showed that there is no long run relationship between FDI and trade openness on one hand and agricultural performance on the other. In the short run, vtrade openness and FDI exerted...

As much as by luck as by design, China stumbled onto an export and foreign investment strategy that has proved remarkably successful, helping the economy move quickly to a market-based system. But can the Chinese experience serve as a model for other countries? After three decades of inward-oriented trade and foreign investment policies, in 1979, China switched course and launched an "open-door...

The objective of this paper is to reinvestigate the relationship between natural gas consumption and economic growth by including foreign direct investment, capital and trade openness in Malaysia for the period of 1971-2012. The structural break unit root test is employed to investigate the stationary properties of the series. We have applied combined cointegration test to examine the relations...

The optimal investment policy for a standard multi-period mean–variance model is not time-consistent because the variance operator is not separable in the sense of the dynamic programming principle. With a nested conditional expectation mapping, we develop an investment model with time consistency in Markovian markets. Furthermore, we examine the differences of the investment policies with a ri...