with the wind permanent flow in the cities, obtaining the minimal pollution in the environment is accessible. different policies have been considered for optimization of cities such as attachment and or reduction of building parts like air-traps, ceiling forms and so on. due to population growth in cities and the increasing need for resettlement these people in the cities, inevitably, to the hi...

This paper presents a method for automatic derivation of urban structures types with focus on residential areas. It is based on scanned topographic maps at scale 1:25k and a given urban block geometry from a national topographic database. The procedure consists of five steps: (1) definition of a typology of urban structures, (2) extraction of building footprints, (3) computation of measurements...

rapid urban population is widely known as the main inducement of growing cities in terms of quantity and variety in form. however, the city expansion entails physical challenges and it has profound impacts on the issue of urban morphology. it raises global awareness beyond the urbanism and includes sociology, psychology, economics as well as environmental studies due to the implications of broa...

BACKGROUND Low-income, urban populations' limited access to healthy foods is often pointed to as a key barrier to improving nutrition. Although much has been written on identifying urban "food deserts," little has been done to examine how the food environment changes over the course of 1 year. PURPOSE This study was designed to dynamically describe the urban food environment as a means to ide...

A simple, practical and uniied method is presented for detecting the parameter iden-tiiability problems due to non-persistent excitation, overparameterization and/or output feedback within the identiied system. All the required information is generated inherently by the augmented UD identiication (AUDI) method developed by the authors so very little extra computation is required. Several exampl...

In the editorial by Dr. A. Jay Block,' which appeared in the November 1993 issue of Chest, the author laments the disappearance of the ward laboratory and expresses some bewilderment over why this has occurred. In the inner-city hospital facing financial cuts in which I work, the motivation for its removal may have been financial, as tests performed in a ward laboratory are unreimbursed while t...

Large-scale models are generally associated with large spatial modelling units, for example, counties or super grids (several to dozens of km2). Few applied urban models can achieve a large spatial coverage with irregular spatial units due to data availability and computation load. The framework of automatic identification and characterization of blocks developed by Liu and Long (2016) makes su...

Residential block construction of big cities in China began in the 1950s, and four models had far-reaching influence on modern residential block in its development process, including unit compound and residential district in 1950s to 1980s, and gated community and open community in 1990s to now. Based on analysis of the four models’ fabric, the article takes residential blocks in Hangzhou west ...