Development of urbanization and rise of cities and urbanism during the last decade have added new dimensions to urban issues and have led to increasing importance of monitoring, conduction of urban development and organization of towns and their surrounding regions. In the meantime, the procedures of favorable life management play the most important role in improvement of human habitats and sus...

In this paper a two-stage Data Envelopment Approach (DEA) is used to assess the relative efficiency of container shipping agents operating in Spanish ports, studying also its influencing factors. In the first stage, an input-oriented, Variable Returns To Scale (VRS) model is used to compute efficiency scores of the different shipping agents. The model considers labor as input and numbers of loa...

Transport network expansions have been usually analyzed calculating returns to scale with variable network size (RTS), which has been shown to suffer from a number of shortcomings because, in the end, it attempts to capture as a scale property what in fact is related with scope, namely the addition of new products when a transport network expands. In this paper we develop a method to calculate ...

Models of endogenous growth have not been able to account for the variety of empirically observed distributional properties of the returns to innovation, in part, because of the limitations necessarily imposed on competition to cope with increasing returns to scale. Exponential growth, fat tails, Pareto–Levy distributed upper tails, and upper value outliers, are associated with increasing retur...

This research identifies returns to scale (RTS) of efficient decision making units (DMUs) with desirable (good) and undesirable (bad) inputs and outputs by presenting a new DEA (data envelopment analysis) approach. In this study, we first introduce a new input-output oriented model to determine efficient DMUs in the presence of undesirable factors and then, returns to scale of these DMUs are es...