Reclamation and reuse programs are an indispensable part of integrated water resource management, particularly in arid and semi arid regions. Yet, the feasibility of sustainable application not only is relied on design, operation and maintenance of wastewater treatment plants, but also could be influenced by the economical and environmental aspects of reuse demands. This study is aimed to illus...

When addressing urban water problems, it is no longer adequate to consider issues of water supply, demand, disposal, and reuse independently. Innovative water management strategies and opportunities for water reuse can only be properly evaluated in the context of their interactions with the broader water system. An integrated linear deterministic optimization model is applied to Beirut, Lebanon...

Water reuse has been practiced for over 5000 years; however, during the last 100 years efforts have been made in many regions of the world, for the production of high quality reused water, following strict quality guidelines. Technological advances are now permitting the production of reclaimed water suitable for direct potable pipe to pipe applications. In developed areas with intense water sc...

Over the past half century, reverse osmosis (RO) has grown from a nascent niche technology into most versatile and effective desalination advanced water treatment available. However

In Europe the last two decades has witnessed growing water stress, both in terms of water scarcity and quality deterioration, which has prompted many municipalities to look for a more efficient use of water resources, including a more widespread acceptance of water reuse practices. This paper reviews European water reuse practices and sets out the map of the water reclamation technologies and r...

As a country on the whole, Canada enjoys abundant freshwater resources, yet there remain regions with severe discrepancies between supply and demand. One solution to insufficient water supplies that has been gaining in popularity in other areas of the world is that of water reuse. Reuse or recycling of treated wastewater reduces effluent discharges into receiving waters and offers a reliable al...

Water reclamation and reuse provides a unique and viable opportunity to augment traditional water supplies. As a multi-disciplined and important element of water resources development and management, water reuse can help to close the loop between water supply and wastewater disposal. Effective water reuse requires integration of water and reclaimed water supply functions. The successful develop...