Pregnant women who smoke are at greater risk of delivering a growth-restricted infant than nonsmoking mothers. We wanted to see if apoptosis could be involved in the mechanisms behind smoke-induced growth restriction, and our aim was to compare apoptosis in the placenta of smoking mothers giving birth to growth-restricted infants and nonsmoking mothers with infants of appropriate weight. The pr...

BACKGROUND It is increasingly recognized that disrespect and abuse of women during labor and delivery is a violation of a woman's rights and a deterrent to the use of life-saving, facility-based labor and delivery services. In Ethiopia, rates of skilled birth attendance are still only 28% despite a recent dramatic national scale up in the numbers of trained providers and facilities. Concerns ha...

We review the role of R&D in endogenous growth theory, and describe extant empirical research—macro and micro—bearing on R&D as an engine of growth. Taking R&D to be key while recognizing the significance of economic incentives emphasizes knowledge as an economic object and, more generally, the economics of intellectual property rights. This paper argues that property rights matter, but in subt...