It is common for firms to issue or purchase options on the firm’s own stock. Examples include convertible bonds, warrants, call options as employee compensation, and the sale of put options as part of share repurchase programs. This paper shows that option positions with implicit borrowing—such as put sales and call purchases—are tax-disadvantaged relative to the equivalent synthetic option wit...

cases where bayt al-mal is responsible for payment of compensation are sometimes accompanied by intensification of compensation. the question is that whether bayt al-mal should pay the intensified compensation in such cases. this question has not been answered in juristic and, legal texts. in addition to causing difference in opinions, it has caused courts to doubt generalization of the intensi...

The effect of three organic aromatic salts - Phenyltrimethylammonium (PhTMAB), benzyltrimethylammonium (BzTMAB) and benzyltrimethylammonium (BzTEAB) bromides - on the micellization of sodium dodecylsulfate has been investigated by conductometric method. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values were found to decrease with increase in the concentration of the aromatic ammonium salts. Therm...

Present study investigates the effect of soaring residential electricity price on the welfare of rural individuals in Guilan Province by Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) in which the elasticity’s and welfare variations were calculated by Compensation Variations (CV) and Equivalent Variations (EV) for the time period of 1991-2012. It was shown that the absolute value of income and price elastic...

In this paper, a new approach is proposed for voltage and current harmonics compensation in grid-connected microgrids (MGs). If sensitive loads are connected to the point of common coupling (PCC), compensation is carried out in order to reduce PCC voltage harmonics. In absence of sensitive loads at PCC, current harmonics compensation scenario is selected in order to avoid excessive injection of...

This paper presents a new approach for estimating and improving voltage stability margin from phase and magnitude profile of bus voltages using sensitivity analysis of Voltage Stability Assessment Neural Network (VSANN). Bus voltage profile contains useful information about system stability margin including the effect of load-generation, line outage and reactive power compensation so, it is ad...

The optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) is a very important problem aspect of power system planning and is a highly nonlinear, non-convex optimization problem because consist of both continuous and discrete control variables. Since the power system has inherent uncertainty, hereby, this paper presents both of the deterministic and stochastic models for ORPD problem in multi objective and sin...