in this paper, second law analysis for calculations of the entropy generation due to the flow andheat transfer of water-al2o3 and ethylene glycol-al2o3 nanofluids inside annuli is presented. thephysical properties of the nanofluids are calculated using empirical correlations. constant heatfluxes at inner surface of the annuli are considered and fully developed condition for fluid flowand heat t...

T his article is intended for readers who, like us, were told that the second law of thermodynamics is one of the major achievements of the nineteenth century—that it is a logical, perfect, and unbreakable law—but who were unsatisfied with the “derivations” of the entropy principle as found in textbooks and in popular writings. A glance at the books will inform the reader that the law has “vari...

We argue that the entanglement entropy for a very small subsystem obeys a property which is analogous to the first law of thermodynamics when we excite the system. In relativistic setups, its effective temperature is proportional to the inverse of the subsystem size. This provides a universal relationship between the energy and the amount of quantum information. We derive the results using holo...