Before 1999, the United States had no appropriated funding for arboviral surveillance, and many states conducted no such surveillance. After emergence of West Nile virus (WNV), federal funding was distributed to state and selected local health departments to build WNV surveillance systems. The Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists conducted assessments of surveillance capacity of res...

Three major issues associated with numerical simulations of complex free-surface flows, viz. interface tracking, fragmentation and large physical jumps, are addressed by a new Hybrid continuum-particle model (HyPAM). The new model consists of three parts: (1) the Polygonal Area Mapping method [Q. Zhang and P. L.-F. Liu, A new interface tracking method: The polygonal area mapping method. J. Comp...

haemoplasmas contain eperythrozoon and haemobartonella species, which are widespread causes of animal and human infections. these obligatory cell parasites were previously known as hemobartonella; now hemotropic mycoplasmas. these bacteria are identified by the lack of cell wall and their small genome. the usual diameter is between 0.3 and1μm. mycoplasmasarepolymorphic and seen in circular or b...

In this study, the change at rubbing surfaces has been investigated experimentally using an acoustic emission signal monitoring system. A steel ring is slipped on the surface of  a metallic sheet to simulate frictional conditions. The mechanical disturbances caused by the movement of the ring produce stress waves propagating along the sheet surface. The out of plane displacement of the sheet su...

Corneal primary afferent neurons that respond to drying of the ocular surface have been previously characterized and found to respond to innocuous cooling, menthol, and hyperosmotic stimuli. The purpose of the present study was to examine the receptive field properties of second-order neurons in the trigeminal nucleus that respond to drying of the ocular surface. Single-unit electrophysiologica...

The generation of micro- and nano-topography similar to those found in the extra cellular matrix of three-dimensional tissues is one technique used to recapitulate the cell-tissue physiology found in the native tissues. Despite the fact that ample studies have been conducted on the physiological significance of endothelial cells alignment parallel to shear stress, as this is the normal physiolo...

Microbial cells sense and respond to their environment using their surface constituents. Therefore, understanding the assembly and biophysical properties of cell surface molecules is an important research topic. With its ability to observe living microbial cells at nanometer resolution and to manipulate single-cell surface molecules, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has emerged as a powerful tool ...