This paper is an attempt to spell out what makes the scientific study of pain so distinctive from a philosophical perspective. Using the IASP definition of 'pain' (1986) as our guide, we raise a number of questions about the philosophical assumptions underlying the scientific study of pain. We argue that unlike the study of ordinary perception, the study of pain focuses from the very start on t...

A model is one of the most fundamental concepts: it is a formal and generalized explanation of a phenomenon. Only with models can we bridge the particulars and predict the unknown. Virtually all our intellectual work turns around finding models, evaluating models, using models. Because models are so pervasive, it makes sense to take a look at modelling itself. We will approach this problem, of ...

main purpose in this research is the explanation of different views of muslim philosophers on the p.f.c to establish an imperative religion education. reaching to this purpose we use the content analysis and logical deduction among the research methods. on the basis of the research findings, we can find two different approaches in the religious-intellectual education: popular and specialized. t...

This paper will discuss the completeness and incompleteness theorems of Kurt Gödel. These theorems have a profound impact on the philosophical perception of mathematics and call into question the readily apparent strength of the system itself. This paper will discuss the theorems themselves, their philosophical impact on the study of mathematics and some of the logical background necessary to u...

Research and scientific explanation about discourse democracy theory of Jurgen Habermas  and studying and evaluating reflection and generalization of his philosophical and epistemological principles are objectives which the researcher follows in this research From this view, there is studied representation of concepts and categories such as cognitive interests, communication action, discoursing...

Social problems such as racism, sexism, and inequality are often cited structural rather than individual in nature. What does it mean to invoke a social explanation, how do explanations relate individualistic ones? This article explores recent philosophical debates concerning the nature usages of explanation. I distinguish between two central kinds explanation: those that autonomous from psycho...

the second law of thermodynamic (entropy principle) is of special theo-philosophical importance. it seems that this law, which is renowned as “the death of software design” and despite the order in the world, is like an incompatible universal. this article examines the concept of entropy in the three temperature, statistic, and information applications and addresses the contradiction of the sec...