This study has endeavored to explain the requirements and consequences of fostering research spirit in children. To this end, Iranian databases including Noormags, Irandoc, Civilica, Elmnet, SID, and Ensani were used to get 62 documents from 2001 to 2020. In the next step, 31 documents were selected and analyzed using PRISMA checklist indicators and based on relevance, effectiveness, and validi...

abstract english language learning in iran has become significant in recent years, and english has been included in the curriculum of iranian schools and universities, and considerable attention has been paid to this language in our society. nevertheless, teaching and learning english in iranian schools has not been able to satisfy the specified goals, so different efl institutes have been est...

hedging is a multi-purpose rhetorical strategy which is usually used in scientific arguments to secure ratification of claims, reduce the risk of negation, avoid conflict, manage disagreement and leave room for the audience to assess presented information. hedges are frequently used in research articles to mitigate the findings of research endeavors. the present research aims to investigate the...

recent studies in scientific education as well as foreign and second language instruction suggest that thinking has rarely been an integral part of education and training in classroom. some scholars decried the lack of emphasis on thinking in the institutes and schools. they noted that memorization and drills were rewarded,while inquiry, reflection, and consideration of alternatives were frowne...