This paper presents a new mathematical model for integrated dynamic cellular manufacturing systems and production planning that minimizes machine purchasing, intra-cell material handling, cell reconfiguration and setup costs. The presented model forms the manufacturing cells and determines the quantity of machine and movements  during each period of time. This problem is NP-hard, so a meta-heur...

the travelling salesmen problem (tsp) is one of the most important and famous combinational optimization problems that aim to find the shortest tour. in this problem, the salesman starts to move from an arbitrary place called depot and after visiting all nodes, finally comes back to depot. solving this problem seems hard because program statement is simple and leads this problem belonging to np...

the traveling salesman problem (tsp) is a well-known combinatorial optimization problem and holds a central place in logistics management. the tsp has received much attention because of its practical applications in industrial problems. many exact, heuristic and metaheuristic approaches have been proposed to solve tsp in recent years. in this paper, a modified ant colony optimization (maco) is ...

In this paper, we develop a capacitated location-covering model considering interval values for demand and service parameters. We also consider flexibility on distance standard for covering demand nodes by the servers. We use the satisfaction degree to represent the constraint of service capacity. The proposed model belongs to the class of mixed integer programming models. Our model can be redu...

A 50 years old male patient to referred to our clinic for multiple hard diffused lesions on palms, plantars and penis. The Genesis of the problem goes back to 10 years earlier. The lesions appeared first on the soles and gradually new lesions appeared on the palms and eventually on the penis, so that stretching and contraction of the fingers and toes has become painful. During the last 6 years,...

There are few open problems in science as perplexing as the nature of life and consciousness. At present, we do not have many scientific windows into either. In the case of consciousness, it seems evident that certain aspects will ultimately defy reductionist explanation, the most important being the phenomenon of qualia – roughly speaking our subjective experience as observers. It is a priori ...

Based on individual variation in cooperative inclinations, we define the "hard problem of cooperation" as that of achieving high levels of cooperation in a group of non-cooperative types. Can the hard problem be solved by institutions with monitoring and sanctions? In a laboratory experiment we find that the answer is affirmative if the institution is imposed on the group but negative if develo...

0 7 4 0 7 4 5 9 / 0 1 / $ 1 0 . 0 0 © 2 0 0 1 I E E E M a y / J u n e 2 0 0 1 I E E E S O F T W A R E 41 address those needs—thereby making measurement more appealing. While the disparity discussed here involves measurement, it applies to all areas of software process improvement. For example, the Software Engineering Institute’s Capability Maturity Model for Software is silent on two of the th...

In recent years, software engineering researchers have elevated the study of software architecture to the level of a major area of study. A review of the published literature however, shows quite clearly that a unified view of software architecture has not been forth-coming. This paper contends that the existence of a "software architecture level of design" is based on the implicit assumption t...