The methods reviewed here are primarily those that are used in atmospheric and oce-anic (physical and biological) studies. These methods are divided into four groups, depending on the type of shifts they are designed to detect, and placed in Tables 1-4. The tables are self-explanatory and provide a brief description of each method, along with the basic references , as well as their strong and w...

One of the most important hydrological time series task is to determine if there is any trend in the data and how to achieve stationarity when there is nonstationarity behavior in data. Detecting trend and stationarity in hydrological time series may help us to understand the possible links between hydrological processes and global climate changes. In this study yearly, monthly and daily stream...

To decide whether a given sequence is “truely” random, or independent and identically distributed, we need to resort to nonparametric tests for randomness. Six tests: the ordinary run test, the sign test, the runs up and down test, the Mann-Kendall test, the Bartels’ rank test and the test based on entropy estimators are introduced in this report and their weaknesses are analyzed. Combining the...

One of the very important issues discussed in the recent two decades is climate change. Temperature is one of the indicative factors of climate change. The present research aimed at studying temporal variation in temperature over Guwahati, Tezpur, Dibrugarh (Mohanbari) and Silchar stations, Assam, India, during the period 1981–2010. Trends in annual and seasonal temperature series were analyzed...

Rain-fed food crop production is very sensitive to climate variability. The majority of Ethiopian population reliant on rain-fed seasonal agriculture, which the backbone country’s economy. objective study was investigate impact rainfall and temperature changes maize sorghum yields. data were analyzed using Mann–Kendall trend test, Sen’s slope, correlation, regression models. study’s findings de...