Countries around the world are experiencing an ever-increasing need to make choices in investments in health and healthcare. This makes it incumbent upon them to have formal processes in place to optimize the legitimacy of eventual decisions. There is now growing experience among countries of the implementation of stakeholder participation, and a developing convergence of methods to support dec...

From experience, a significant number of recent computer breakins perhaps the majority can be traced back to an instance of a poorly-chosen reusable password. Once a system intruder has gained access to one account by breaking a password, it is often a simple matter to find system flaws and weaknesses that thereafter allow entry to other accounts and increasing amounts of privilege. The OPUS pr...

The modern computational lexical semantics has reached a point in its development when it has become useful to compare the goals and methods of the various approaches to it. This article proposes several choices in terms of which these goals and methods can be discussed. It is argued that the central questions include the use of lexical rules for generating word senses; the role of syntax and f...

We present a method for designing operating systems as an object-oriented framework of generalized, abstract components. The framework is specialized into further subframeworks to implement subqystems of the operating system. Each subframework introduces constraints and relationships between the abstract classes of the components. The constraints are inherited by the instantiations of the frame...

It has long been observed that monolingual text exhibits a tendency toward “one sense per discourse,” and it has been argued that a related “one translation per discourse” constraint is operative in bilingual contexts as well. In this paper, we introduce a novel method using forced decoding to confirm the validity of this constraint, and we demonstrate that it can be exploited in order to impro...

There are many over-the-counter products marketed to people living with hepatitis C. Many claims are made about these products. At times, it can be very hard to determine what to believe. Your western doctor may not be able to provide you with guidance because he or she may not be familiar or experienced with these products. Making a decision about whether to use one or more of these products c...

Both early membrane changes and immune cell activation that can eventually lead to nuclear DNA degradation occur during oxidative stress. This release of reactive oxygen species can contribute significantly to a wide range of disorders throughout the body. In many scenarios, the inciting event may be the activation of only one system in the body, such as the immune system. For example, one can ...