background: despite all the positive features of the internet, there are serious concerns about the use and effects of this technology on human mental health. this study aimed to determine the relationship between the internet addiction and students’ social self-efficacy, identity styles and gender differences. methods: in a descriptive-correlational study, 200 undergraduate and graduate studen...

The present study was aimed at examining concerns about the social effects of EFL learning, a challenging area of research which has not been discussed sufficiently. It tried to investigate the relationship between EFL learning and national identity. In addition, attempt was made to find a relationship between language motivation types and national identity. Furthermore, the role of two demogra...

• We examined the interplay of social identity and support in a stressful situation. • The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) was used to induce socio-evaluative stress. • Social identity and social support were manipulated orthogonally. • Support buffered cortisol responses only if a shared social identity was salient. • The social identity approach offers a promising framework to study stress re...

This article contrasts the assumptions of General Systems Theory, the framework for much prior leadership research, with those of Complexity Theory, to further develop the latter's implications for the definition of leadership and the leadership process. We propose that leadership in a Complex Adaptive System (CAS) may affect the organization indirectly, through the mediating variables of organ...