background & aim: despite the advantages of natural childbirth and complications associated with cesarean section, rate of cesarean delivery has increased dramatically in recent years. therefore, appropriate training is essential to reducing this trend. this study aimed to evaluate the effects of training about the benefits of natural childbirth on the attitude and intention to select the mode ...

Economic integration reduces the costs of factor mobility, producing efficiency gains and contributing to equalization of net factor returns. This raises the cost of income-redistribution policy, thus threatening a basic function of the welfare state. A simple model of costly factor mobility under uncertainty shows that greater factor mobility enables factor owners to pool industry-specific, re...

Randomized response (RR) is a well-known method for measuring sensitive behavior. Yet this method is not often applied because: (i) of its lower efficiency and the resulting need for larger sample sizes which make applications of RR costly; (ii) despite its privacy-protection mechanism the RR design may not be followed by every respondent; and (iii) the incorrect belief that RR yields estimates...

* C h i e f A c t u a r y , Soc ia l S e c u r i t y A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . In the 1956 amendments to the Social Security Act, Congress continued its policy of making the old-age and survivors insurance program self-supporting. The amendments included provisions increasing the cost of the program, but the greater cost–except for the new disability insurance benefits–is roughly offset by ...

Pathways to Early Retirement in Denmark, 1984-2000 This paper describes and analyses the pathways to early retirement in Denmark. The analyses are based on a 10 per cent panel sample of the population 45-66 years old followed from 1984 onwards. We use a multinomial logit approach to analyse the characteristics of individuals that retire through each pathway compared to those remaining in the la...