In this document we will discuss three types of waves: wind-driven waves, tides and tsunamis. When the wind blows on the surface of the ocean it produces ripples, waves, and swell. Gravitational forces (mostly from the moon and sun) plus centrifugal forces in the solar system produce tides. Tectonic forces such as earthquakes that cause vertical displacements of the ocean floor, submarine volca...

every year, a considerable portion of the national budget specifies to reconstruct the properties which have been destroyed during natural disasters in iran. recognition of vulnerable sites to natural disasters can reduce the probable damages. the most important point in designing railway tracks is to join stations in the least possible time. so, the railway track is meant to cross lots of vall...

Remote sensing techniques have been widely used since the 1990s in landslide research, deploying for this purpose different spatial and spectral resolution imagery. This research includes photo-interpretation and inventory of large landslides, determinant factors analysis, stereo-plotting of movements, and automatic detection by textural analysis. The potential or intrinsic factors of landslide...

Several natural disasters have occurred from the days of biblical Noah until now. These natural disasters have taken various forms like; floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruption tsunamis, tornadoes, landslides, hurricane, and among others. Within the past decades, flooding has become a global pandemic which hampers economic and social development. This global phenomenon has affected 4 million peo...

In the event of a natural disaster, remote sensing is a valuable source of spatial information and its utility has been proven on many occasions around the world. However, there are many different types of hazards experienced worldwide on an annual basis and their remote sensing solutions are equally varied. This paper addresses a number of data types and image processing techniques used to map...

corrosion of steel reinforcement is one of the most prevalent causes of reinforced concrete (rc) structures deterioration in chloride-contaminated environments. as a result, evaluating the impact of any possible corrosion-induced damages to reinforced concrete bridges strongly affects management decisions: such as inspection, maintenance and repair actions. the corrosion propagation phase is a ...