testing plays a vital role in any language teaching program. it allows teachers and stakeholders, including program administrators, parents, admissions officers and prospective employers to be assured that the learners are progressing according to an accepted standard (douglas, 2010). the problems currently facing language testers have both practical and theoretical implications but the first i...

plagiarism in esl/efl learning contexts has been established as a dynamic and multi-layered phenomenon and has become a topic engaging many researchers in a heated debate in recent years. comparisons of student-generated texts with their source texts have shown that students rely on source texts in their writings and copying is a major strategy used by both l1 and l2 writers. in our country a...

the main objective in sampling is to select a sample from a population in order to estimate some unknown population parameter, usually a total or a mean of some interesting variable. a simple way to take a sample of size n is to let all the possible samples have the same probability of being selected. this is called simple random sampling and then all units have the same probability of being ch...

iv abstract this study examined the linguistic behaviors of two iranian efl teachers each of them teaching learners of two similar proficiency levels, a beginner level and an intermediate level, to investigate the relationship between the learners proficiency levels and the amounts and purposes for l1 use by the two teachers. the study was carried out to investigate whether there were differe...

The Islamic Republic of Iran, according to the teachings of Islam, one of its main goals is the realization of justice in various dimensions, including political justice. To achieve this subject, it is essential to have a favorable pattern of political justice. For this purpose, the present study tries to use from four causes theoretical framework in the form of formal cause, introduce a favora...

The wise God, has created the environment based on the set goals logic and purposes. God has ercated eveything quantitatively and qualitatively in a proper manar. God has declared in the Quran: "Verily, all things have we created by measure" and/or in another verse he says: "And the earth, we have spread it out, creating firm standing mountains, and grown in it every thing in balance". This s...