In this paper, the writers try to compare two authors, the Iranian leftist, Bozorg Alavi (1904-1997) and the Polish Joseph Conrad (1857-1924). Although these two writers have different attitudes to Socialism and the question of revolution, both share Romantic idealism and a tragic sense of personal and social life. Moreover, they both are precursors of modernist novel in their countries, and sh...

Purpose: This paper explores young people’s conceptions of political information. The study sought to identify what political information sources young people encounter, how they construe these sources and the messages they communicate, and how the information experiences of young people may be better understood to inform information literacy interventions to support the development of politica...

The vast majority of advertising expenditures in congressional campaigns are made not directly by campaigns themselves but indirectly though specialist intermediary firms. Though their revenue ultimately derives from contributions to public campaigns, these firms are privately owned and operated on a for-profit basis. Using a new dataset that includes both revenues and costs of these firms, we ...

In the present paper, we have been trying mainly to define the concepts of agency-structure, so that by understanding the concepts of agency-structure, we sought to discover these concepts in the mindset of Beheshti. The concepts of agency-structure are among the fundamental and vital concepts associated with how governments are recognized. By identifying the extent of the powers, the rights an...

Ilona Kickbusch’s thought provoking editorial is criticized in this commentary, partly because she fails to refer to previous critical work on the global conditions and policies that sustain inequality, poverty, poor health and damage to the biosphere and, as a result, she misreads global power and elides consideration of the fundamental historical structures of political and material power tha...

It is clear we have disagreements from our esteemed colleagues on this important issue. The Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi [hereafter KKM] response raises a number of insightful points that advance this debate. We thank them for that and for taking the time to engage our article. As we have reflected on our original essay and KKM’s critique of it, we were struck by the fact that we may actually...

............................................................................................................................ iv INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................... 4 HISTORY OF ...

This article engages with and critiques dominant theories of political ecology. It takes the theory ecologically unequal exchange (EUE) as framework critique. assesses claims “fossil capitalism,” eco-modernism, extractivism, degrowth, well “post-development.” finds that exception none them take imperialism or global history accumulation sufficiently seriously, either displace transformative obl...