assessment of diversity and species richness in the understanding of ecosystem functions, protect and preserve genetic resources, evaluation and control of environmental change and the success or failure will help natural resource management programs. arbitrary banning livestock grazing program and one of the most common and perhaps the most degraded pastures and reduced the diversity and speci...

reading comprehension plays a central role in nonfiction general english university courses in different efl situations and one of the important factors affecting it is vocabulary size. accordingly, the present study aimed at investigating the effect of unknown vocabulary size on efl learners’ reading comprehension. to this end, 40 tefl freshmen were ed to participate in this study on the basis...

This review surveys research on second language vocabulary teaching and learning since1999. It first considers the distinction between incidental and intentional vocabulary learning.Although learners certainly acquire word knowledge incidentally while engaged in variouslanguage learning activities, more direct and systematic study of vocabulary is also required.There is a discussion of how word...

in this study, species richness, evenness and vegetation biodiversity were investigated in stabilized and non-stabilized cut edge areas of chachkam district forest roads in sari forest of iran. 18 micro plots 1×1m (36 micro plots) were sampled to carry out this research on two cut edge areas. number of trees, shrubs and herbaceous were recorded in each micro-plot. significant difference was inv...

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of meaning-focused versus form-focused input-oriented and output-oriented task-based instruction on elementary level Iranian EFL Learners’ vocabulary comprehension and recall. For this purpose, a sample of 120 male students from a private school in Tehran was selected through convenience sampling and based on availability. The participants were...

Designing appropriate materials and activities to enhance vocabulary learning is one of the primary goals of language courses. Among the claims about efficient pedagogical tasks is the Involvement Load Hypothesis (Laufer & Hulstijn, 2001) according to which vocabulary development is contingent on the amount of cognitive process a task involves. Building on the previous research on this hypothes...

this study investigated the amount of incidental vocabulary learning through comprehension-focused reading of short stories and explicit instruction to this goal.  forty male high school students were selected randomly, and divided into two groups of twenty.  one group of these students was given five 400-word-level short stories to read with the purpose of comprehension, and the students in th...

When vocabulary teaching is taken into account in EFL classes in our Iranian state primary schools, teachers generally prefer to use classical techniques. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of visually-mediated collocations on the elementary EFL learners’ vocabulary learning. In order to conduct this study, 60 students from two classrooms in an elementary class, participate...