there are two major theories of measurement in psychometrics: classical test theory (ctt) and item-response theory (irt). despite its widespread and long use, ctt has a number of shortcomings, which make it problematic to be used for practical and theoretical purposes. irt tries to solve these shortcomings, and provide better and more dependable answers. one of the applications of irt is the as...

murder of wife during adultery: if a man sees his wifes adultery with another man, he can kill both of them. and he is not guilty in this murder. this sentence is the opinion of imami jurists and numerous comments on this issue are the main reasons for the sentence. that is the opinion of the sunni jurists too. murder of wife and the stranger man are permitted. but in contrast to these views, ...

learning a second or foreign language requires the manipulation of four main skills, namely, listening, reading, speaking, and writing which lead to effective communication. it is obvious that vocabulary is an indispensible part of any communication, so without a vocabulary, no meaningful communication can take place and meaningful communication relies heavily on vocabulary. one fundamental fac...

throughout this dissertation r is a commutative ring with identity and m is a unitary r-module. in this dissertation we investigate submodules of multiplication , prufer and dedekind modules. we also stat the equivalent conditions for which is ring , wher l is a submodule of afaithful multiplication prufer module. we introduce the concept of integrally closed modules and show that faithful mu...

there has been a gradual shift of focus from the study of rule systems, which have increasingly been regarded as impoverished, … to the study of systems of principles, which appear to occupy a much more central position in determining the character and variety of possible human languages. there is a set of absolute universals, notions and principles existing in ug which do not vary from one ...

power transformers are important equipments in power systems. thus there is a large number of researches devoted of power transformers. however, there is still a demand for future investigations, especially in the field of diagnosis of transformer failures. in order to fulfill the demand, the first part reports a study case in which four main types of failures on the active part are investigate...