Progressive depletion of midbrain dopamine neurons (PDD) is associated with deficits in the initiation, speed, and fluidity of voluntary movement. Models of basal ganglia function focus on initiation deficits; however, it is unclear how they account for deficits in the speed or amplitude of movement (vigor). Using an effort-based operant conditioning task for head-fixed mice, we discovered dist...

The last 30 years have led to increasing dissatisfaction by seed producers and consumers with the standard germination test as the sole criterion of seed performance potential presented on a seed label. As a result, new seed testing techniques have been formulated known as seed vigor tests that provide more sensitive measures of seed quality. The ISTA and AOSA Vigor Test Committees have been at...

Escalating stratums of breeze vigor, which is variable, difficult to predict accurately, and escalating connected via power electronic converters, are changing how electricity grids are planned, designed, and operated. . Systems with high breeze penetration are also experiencing dramatic changes to the operating regimes of conventional resources to areas with large loads. Optimal diminutive-ten...

Differences in seed storage tolerance between soybean cultivars have been frequently observed. Thus, identifying compounds found them that may be related to these differences is necessary support the selection of with seeds better potential. Therefore, this study aimed evaluate changes viability and vigor during two environments, relating antioxidant activity, production reactive oxygen species...

UNLABELLED During value-based decision-making, individuals consider the various options and select the one that provides the maximum subjective value. Although the brain integrates abstract information to compute and compare these values, the only behavioral outcome is often the decision itself. However, if the options are visual stimuli, during deliberation the brain moves the eyes from one st...