While fasting has been practiced for centuries, its beneficial effects was unknown until recently. This review tries to analyze the current literature of how fasting and intermittent fasting (IF) could affect clinical pathological parameters, learning, mood and brain plasticity. The effects of different ways of fasting on metabolism and stress were also explored. Animal experiments have elucida...

From ants to zebras, animals are influenced by the behavior of others. At simplest level, social support can reduce neophobia, increasing animals’ exploration novel spaces, foods, and other environmental stimuli. Animals also learn new skills more quickly readily after observing others perform them. How then we apply proclivity socially enhance their care welfare in captive settings? Here, I re...

Neurofibromatosis Type I (NF1) is a single-gene disorder characterized by a high incidence of complex cognitive symptoms, including learning disabilities, attention deficit disorder, executive function deficits, and motor coordination problems. Because the underlying genetic cause of this disorder is known, study of NF1 from a molecular, cellular, and systems perspective has provided mechanisti...