in this paper, we will review the foreign exchange market and will try to extract an exchange market pressure and an intervention index for iran by following the weymark (1995) approach to evaluate the central bank of iran’s exchange rate policy during 1368:q1 to 1391:q3. the estimation method employed, is the econometric technique known in the literature as the two-stage least squares (2sls).t...

from 2006 to 2008 russian government adopted an aggressive foreign policy toward the west, particularly the united states. in this article, the author claims that one should search for the main factor in the ‘feeling danger in the european borders of russia’ and more clearly in ‘serious endangering of european balance of power’ from the perspective of russian authorities after 60 years. i have ...

a r t i c l e i n f o The study explores Israel's Silicon Valley style of entrepreneurial financing and venture capital (VC) management. Israel is known as the most successful Silicon Valley-style economy, similar to the US Silicon Valley. The high-tech economy of Israel presents an interesting case of effective institutional setting and policies that transform the country into the innovation n...

a significant transformation in turkey's foreign policy orientation occurred after the justice and development party (adaletvekalkınmapartisior akp in turkish) gained power in 2002. this change was the cause of dissatisfaction of turkish secular military leaders, kemalists and pro-westerners who are concerned that similar to the former islamist parties, the akp might seek to strengthen isl...

This paper describes and explains the informal influence of Israeli political culture on the public policy process. I will demonstrate how informal elements are rooted in Israeli society and are an integral part of its public policy and administration. Specifically, I explain the impact of a particular type of political culture, called "alternative politics" in the Israeli literature, on public...

Considering that Palestinian-Israeli conflict is one of the cases in current international system predominantly shaped by religion factor, it an important question how and to what extent both Turkey Iran legitimize their strategies using religious discourse. Although states rely on Islamic beliefs approaches towards cause Palestinians utilize rhetoric extensively shore up domestic support, they...