Different types of environmental indicators have been developed to meet the increasing need of assessment instruments of environmental impacts. As any tool developed by research, indicators must be elaborated according to a scientific approach. One of the important steps of this elaboration is the validation. The overall objective of this paper is to present a methodological framework to valida...

better understanding and recognizing the amount of cultural development in iranian provinces and comparing them, causes a particular attention and helps to recognize their weaknesses, strengths, potentialities and deficiencies. the purpose of this paper is to analyze cultural development indicators in iran. the writers of this article present an applied research and use a comparative method. us...

Bibliometrics is successful in measuring impact, because the target is clearly defined: the publishing scientist who is still active and working. Thus, citations are a target-oriented metric which measures impact on science. In contrast, societal impact measurements based on altmetrics are as a rule intended to measure impact in a broad sense on all areas of society (e.g. science, culture, poli...

Paper indicators based on colorimetric assays are widely used for nitrite detection, but their application to liquids with strong colours is restricted. We report a novel paper indicator that allows for sensing nitrite by colorimetric assay, Raman spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy with non-overlapping signal wavelength ranges through non-contact means. The paper ind...

The aim of this paper is to lay the groundwork for the creation of a composite indicator of the validity of regulatory systems. The composite nature of the indicator implies a) that its construction is embedded in the long-standing theoretical debate and framework of legal validity; b) that it formally contains other sub-indicators whose occurrence is essential to the determination of validity....