there are two major theories of measurement in psychometrics: classical test theory (ctt) and item-response theory (irt). despite its widespread and long use, ctt has a number of shortcomings, which make it problematic to be used for practical and theoretical purposes. irt tries to solve these shortcomings, and provide better and more dependable answers. one of the applications of irt is the as...

ii abstract the legend of human being’s refulgence was distorted completely in the age of modernity. this new age, had some drastic negative effects, besides its positive qualities. one significant negative effect of it was the emergence of neurosis in human beings. aldous huxley’s brave new world was one of the novels of the 02 th century that contained the prophecy of criticizing ...

Background and Objectives: In Iran, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality. The economic burden of these diseases imposed on families makes the situation even worse. Health system policymakers need to be aware of the costs of these diseases to make wise decisions regarding the allocation of resources. The present study aimed to estimate the economic burden of cardiovascular di...

Performance and control are two important components in any executive activity and their purposes are to correct and improve the functions and reduce wasting resources for better productivity and adoption of appropriate techniques that ultimately lead to the development of programs. Therefore, the present study aimed to simulate underground water flow and investigate the effects of artificial ...

Due to limited access to water, it is necessary to determine the comparative advantage of crops and horticultural products in different parts of the province and identify products that lack the desired productivity. Then, find ways to improve water productivity or replace products with higher comparative advantage with low-yield products. Based on this, the crop and economic productivity index ...

in this study, the relationship between teachers’ creative and critical thinking skills and their reflectivity in teaching was investigated. to this end, three questions were raised. these questions were intended to determine whether there was a significant relationship between teachers’ creative thinking skills and their reflectivity in teaching; whether there was a significant relationship be...

In this study, residents' willingness-to-pay (WTP) for preservation of Valasht lake of Chalous city is estimated by using one-and-one-half-bound dichotomous choice contingent valuation method. WTP was measured by using logit model and Maximum Likelihood (ML) parameters estimation method. The results show that 67 percent of the housholds willingness to pay for preservation of Valasht lake. The a...

the purpose of this study was to examine the english language needs of medical students at tehran university of medical sciences . analysis of the needs took place for three groups: 320 undergraduate students, 30 postgraduate students and 20 university instructors. a triangulation approach to collect data was used in which a combination of the quantitative (using the questionnaires) and qualita...

the current study aimed at investigating the relationship between motivation and test preparation strategies (tpss) used by iranian pre-university students in their preparation period for the university entrance exam (uee). due to the importance of uee in iran, this study also attempted to show its impact on these two important variables. to this end, 100 pre-university students in an iranian p...