We have first demonstrated that Debreu’s view regarding the publication of The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior by von Neumann and Morgenstern in 1944 as the birth of modern mathematical economics is not convincing. In this paper, we have proposed the hypothesis that the coordinated research programs in the 1930’s, initiated by the Econometric Society and the Cowles Commission for Research...

undoubtly, land degradation causes apparent decrease of natural resources potential which are highly linked to desertification. different countries and also international organization have realized a great number of projects to combat desertification. unfortunately these projects have not reach to their goals. the experiences shows that the reason of these unsuccessful works is lack of consider...

Economics depends on the economic scale of planning. Economists study the characteristics of the production function, while community operating management focuses on demand realization, so that loss of sales or inventory prevents cost reductions and maximizes profits. However, companies with a lack of capacity need to achieve economies of scale and demand to realize them simultaneously, especia...

One of the most important effective factors in the economic growth is the increased efficiency of manufacturing sectors. Thus, it is necessary to review and measure the efficiency of business units from a variety of dimensions to plan the increase of efficiency in future courses. One of these dimensions is the economics to scale (ES) referring to the concept of enhanced earnings due to the incr...