purpose:  the paper aims to focus on south africa’s poor economic performance and the regular downgrades of the country’s economic and financial rating by international rating agencies. it attempts to show that these continuous downgrades are a recipe for economic and financial disaster in the long – run; that the continuance of this phenomenon will stymie the implementation of the national dev...

Statistical business process is variously designed and implemented in different organizations. This makes it difficult to exchange the knowledge, benefit from the good practices and the cooperation between national and international organizations. In order to solve this problem and help statistical organizations discuss developing statistical metadata systems, General Statistical Business Proce...

The 2008 recession resulted from the failure of financial institutions including banks, due to their uncontrolled self-indulgent financial practices leading to a severe economic crisis. Policy options to resolve the recession that has resulted from the crisis included financial sector restructuring or bail-outs on the assumption that the banks are generally moral and trustworthy organizations. ...

Economic interactions are conducted between economic agents individuals and collectives, through exchange of natural or artificial entities goods, services and money, in a myriad of combinations. In this article we adopt a microscopic point of view, concentrating on the exchanged entities, and extracting their relevant attributes as seen from structurally simple economic processes. Following th...

Lévy processes can capture the behaviors of return innovations on a full range of financial securities. Applying stochastic time changes to the Lévy processes randomizes the clock on which the processes run, thus generating stochastic volatilities and stochastic higher return moments. Therefore, with appropriate choices of Lévy processes and stochastic time changes, we can capture the return dy...