cultural iran is a scope that is more extended than the political territories of iran as a political unit. this concept means that cultural geography(mehdi moghanlo-1383-1) of iran is greater than its political geography which, according to history, has a long history extending west-east from kandahar to the euphrates and north-south from the persian gulf to the caucasus including transoxiana a...

In this study, to evaluate and comparing of drought and wet occurrences, Annual rainfall data related to a 60-year period were used for Kermanshah, Kordestan, Kerman and Yazd provinces. Among the different drought indices, the precipitation-based indices such as, Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Percent of Normal Precipitation Index (PNPI), Z-Score Index (ZSI) and Nitzche model were used...

the images of muslims in media, literature and politics have been mostly black and white portrayals of a people alien to modernity, civilization, rationality and pluralism. since the end of the cold war and the onset of deadly terrorist attacks in different areas of the world, especially in the united states, these representations show a palpable difference: muslims are represented not only as ...

Due to severe fluctuations in rainfall in different regions of Iran, droughts are amongst natural disasters which occurs in negative fluctuations, when rainfall is lower than long term average and forcing adverse effects on agriculture and economy. Meteorological drought is one of the droughts that occurs in the earliest stages of drought phenomenon. In this study, using standardized precipitat...

there has been a gradual shift of focus from the study of rule systems, which have increasingly been regarded as impoverished, … to the study of systems of principles, which appear to occupy a much more central position in determining the character and variety of possible human languages. there is a set of absolute universals, notions and principles existing in ug which do not vary from one ...

hedging is a multi-purpose rhetorical strategy which is usually used in scientific arguments to secure ratification of claims, reduce the risk of negation, avoid conflict, manage disagreement and leave room for the audience to assess presented information. hedges are frequently used in research articles to mitigate the findings of research endeavors. the present research aims to investigate the...

this study investigated the effects of planning on second-language written production with regard to task type. the participants were 75 iranian learners of english as a foreign language attending a private foreign language institution. they were asked to complete two different types of writing tasks (expository writing task and argumentative writing task) in different planned conditions (indiv...